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Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
''Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland'' is a 2001 book by Princeton University historian Jan T. Gross exploring the July 1941 Jedwabne massacre committed against Polish Jews in the Jedwabne village in Nazi-occupied Poland by their non-Jewish neighbors.〔( ''Neighbors'' By Jan Tomasz Gross, Princeton University Press, 2001. ) Google Books〕
==Content and controversy==
The book described how the massacre was perpetrated by non-Jewish civilians (which was noted in 1966 already by Datner), and not by the German invaders. The ensuing debate in the media prompted a forensic murder investigation by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), which partly confirmed Gross's findings,〔(Jedwabne, July 10th, 1941: an Interview with Pawel Machcewicz ), Director, Office of Public Education, Institute of National Remembrance.〕〔Craig Whitlock, (A Scholar's Legal Peril in Poland ), Washington Post Foreign Service, Friday, January 18, 2008; Page A14〕 but stated that depositions "made by witnesses confirm complicity of both Germans and Polish inhabitants of the town."〔http://ipn.gov.pl/en/commission/selected-investigations/manslaughter-of-jewish-inhabitants-of-jedwabne〕 The IPN investigation concluded that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed these acts" although Gross's estimate of 1,600 victims "seems highly unlikely".〔( Findings of Investigation S 1/00/Zn into the Murder of Polish Citizens of Jewish Origin in the Town of Jedwabne on 10 July 1941, pursuant to Article 1 Point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944 ). In: Antony Polonsky & Joanna B. Michlic, eds. ''The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland.'' Princeton University Press, 2003.〕 The IPN found evidence only for a range of 250,〔 The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. (Stenograph, part 2.2. ) Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance for the period from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding.〕 to 340 victims,〔(Postanowienie o umorzeniu śledztwa IPN ), June 30, 2003 〕 while other authors suggested from 600,〔Dariusz Stola, ‘A Monument of Words’, Yad Vashem Studies, 2003. In Michlic ("Letter to the Editor." )〕 to close to 1,000 victims.〔Joanna B. Michlic and Antony Polonsky. (Letter to the Editor. ) ''History.'' January 2008, Vol. 93 Issue 309.〕
At the time of the book's publication, the horrors of the Nazi program of extermination of the Jews were well known. The fact that ordinary Poles in Jedwabne following Soviet–German invasion participated in the massacre of their Jewish neighbors in the presence of Nazi German soldiers,〔 was less known. The book has generated much controversy and vigorous debate in Poland and abroad,〔Norman Davies describes "Neighbors" as "deeply unfair to Poles". Source: (Davies: "Strach" to nie analiza, lecz publicystyka ), Gazeta Wyborcza, January 21, 2008. 〕 and led to more forensic studies and discussions with regards to Polish-Jewish relations.
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